sprints翻译_blinding翻译

环球时代：《英语专业考研考前10天基础英语水平模考测试卷》（2） 　　word版下载：环球时代英语专业考研水平测试卷（2） 　　环球时代英语专业考研水平测试卷（2）参考答案 　　Important: This test lasts for three hours. All your answers must be written on a separate sheet called “Answer Sheet”. Do not write anything in this test booklet. 　　Part I   (20′) 　　In this part you are asked to complete each of the 20 sentences with one out of the four words marked A, B, C, and D that follow each sentence. The Word you choose must fit into the sentence both in form and meaning. For every correct choice, you will get one point 　　1. I object to you speaking of ‘learning French as a second language’ in Canada; French is as__ a first language as English. 　　A. far          B. well          C. much           D. good 　　2. For this situation, learning and using English for wider communication __ a country, particularly for educational, commercial, and political purposes, English can be referred to as an international language. 　　A. outside       B. within       C. with                 D. of 　　3. It reveals itself in the assumptions underlying __         , in the planning of a course of study, in the routines of the classroom, in value judgments about language teaching, and in the decisions that the language teacher has to make day by day. 　　A. learning      B. teaching     C. theory          D. practice 　　4. The debate on language teaching methods continued into the period between the two world wars, a period which from the point of view of language pedagogy is characterized by the search for realistic solutions to the method       __. 　　A. controversy   B. problems       C. issues         D- crises 　　5. This conviction led to various experiments, all designed to __ the traditional teacher-centred language class. 　　A. change       B. convert         C. modify        D. verify 　　6. The communicative approach, understood in this comprehensive way, has had a _        _ on second language curriculum, on teaching methodology and materials, and also on evaluation. 　　A. effect         B. mark           C. bearing         D. weight 　　7. By virtue of their iconicity and their obvious formal aspects, poems are ideally suited to have learners experience early on the two main features of         _ experience: distance and relation. 　　A. literary        B. social          C. aesthetic       D. dialectic 　　8. Furthermore, being able to recite it from memory enables the teacher to keep eye contact with the students, to anticipate their misunderstandings and respond to their facial          　　A. responses        B. expressions    C. performance      D. inquiries 　　9. As translators move from word to word and from sentence to sentence through the text they produce bit by bit  　　of the original in a different language. 　　A. replicas         B. versions      C. relics          D. sediments 　　10.   Besides exploring different levels of the same text and different languages ways of expressing the same event, intermediate and advanced learners can profit from       the same event into different literary forms. 　　A. reproducing     B. imitating      C. expressing       D. recasting 　　11. It has often been suggested that we lack an adequate analysis of the concept of analyticity and consequently that we lack adequate criteria for deciding whether a statement is      .  . 　　A. adequate      B. realistic        C. efficient          D. analytic 　　12. The tacit ideology which seems to lie behind these objections is that non-extensional explications are not explications at all and that any concept which is net extensionally is defective. 　　A. ideological      B. explicable       C. explicit       D. objectional 　　13. The reason for concentrating on the study of speech acts is simply this: all linguistic communication involves linguistic         . 　　A. devices          B. meanings       C. forms         D. acts 　　14. This is because in certain institutional situations we not only ascertain the facts but we need an authority to lay down a decision as to what the          after the fact-finding procedure has been gone through. 　　A. situations           B. assertions      C. facts           D. reasons 　　15. The simplest cases of meaning are those in which the speaker utters a sentence and means exactly and   what he says. 　　A. verbally         B. definitely       C simply         D. literally 　　16. And since meaning consists in part in the intention to produce understanding in the hearer a large part of that problem is that of how it is possible for the hearer to understand the indirect speech act when the sentence he hears and understands means something          .      　　A. true              B. else              C false            D. indirect 　　17. We ail believe that it is the faculty of language which has enabled the human race to develop diverse cultures, each with its           social customs, religious observances, laws, oral traditions, patterns of trading, and so on. 　　A. diverse          B. distinctive         C. multiple       D. varied 　　18. In general, too, rhythmic and        features of speech are ignored in transcriptions; the rhythmic structure which appears to bind some groups of words more closely than others, and die speeding up and slowing down of the overall pace of speech relative to the speaker’s normal pace in a given situation, are such complex variables that we have very little idea how they are exploited and to what effect. 　　A. metrical         B. mobile               C. acoustic          D. temporal 　　19. It seems reasonable to suggest that, whereas in daily life in a literate culture, we use           largely for the establishment and maintenance of human relationships, we use written language largely for the working out of and transference of information, 　　A. words         B. speech                C. sounds               D. sentences 　　20. The higher level of achievement is a contribution to the          of the text: the linguistic analysis may enable one to say why the text is, or is not, an effective text for its own purposes   in what respects it succeeds and in what respects it fails, or is less successful. 　　A. analysis      B. reading       C evaluation    D. interpretation 　　Part II 　　Each of the following 20 sentences contains an error. And the error involves oniy one word You are required to identify the error and correct it Instructions on haw to write your answers are given on the Answer Sheet For each correction you make, you will get one point 　　21. A Spanish history of the   “Indies,” read with eager curiosity (and later paraphrased) by the   English entrepreneur Sir Waiter Raleigh, told to the court splendors of a supposed ancestor of the * emperor of Guiana.” 　　22. Elizabethan merchants and ministers were second for none in their lively concern for treasure, but the real success of Great Britain as a colonizing power was eventually to rest 　　23. The faith was sustained for the newcomers not only by the promises before but by the horrors left behind, across the Atlantic. 　　24. In a sense, the seventeenth century saw the emergence of those institutions that are characteristic in the modem world: centralized and wholly sovereign nation-states; capitalism; individualism, secularism, and heroic grandeur in the arts. 　　25. What was more, warfare, both civil and international, erupted epidemically in massive dislocations of power. 　　26. No history of the American people — a title after which, after all, the Indians have the most legitimate claim — can omit the red men and women’s role. 　　27. Even before Europe hung suspended between the rise of Roman Imperial order and the emergence of feudalism, in the so-called Dark Ages, some North American Indiana had developed what anthropologists call the Hopewellian Culture. 　　28. At first they called the chiefs they met after names both familiar and curious — princes, — emperors, caciques, and werowances. 　　29. He pointed out that one of the first signs of adaptation to the new environment as a European’s part was to strip off the garments of civilization, with their class and social connotations, and wear the undifferentiated skin garments of the Indian. 　　30. The story began, then, with interaction among the continent’s new and old inhabitants — the Indian  “garrison” and the colonized immigrants. 　　31. They learned to sing hymns, to pray, even to participate in the Mass, and to hold their new beliefs by a grip that survived the vicissitudes of many years of battle between white warriors and red. 　　32. After an unsuccessful attempt to get the Dutch to plant a new settlement on the Delaware, he traveled to Swede. 　　33. Despite the political weaknesses of the Dutch, they set an impress on the life of Americans as unborn. 　　34. Tradesmen went home, entered through brick-faced doorways and ascended to cozy rooms where, below tiled roofs, windows with tiny panes illuminated polished delftware. 　　35. The Church of England, for example, though firmly established, did not command the loyalties of great Catholic families on the one hand, or on the other, of the Puritans who hoped to purge it into “Romish idolatry.” 　　36. With chronic misgivings about the future, no wonder that some men were tempted by the prospects of secure estates and freedom of harassment across what seemed an infinity of ocean. 　　37. Huddled into the city, the poor were helpless before the plagues that swept devastatingly into their slums and then undiscriminatingly went on to lay down the proud and wealthy as well. 　　38. Imperiled by pestilence and starvation, many of the able-bodied men among the poor might have looked at impressment as an opportunity at least to eat and to be clothed. 　　39. And nothing short for a spectacular peice of luck or royal preferment seemed likely to improve the situation. 　　40. Farther from the social scale, the yeoman might also try to enhance the value of his lands or the prospects of his children by taking fliers in New World ventures such as fishing and trading companies. 　　  　　Part III   (30′) 　　In this part you will be asked to read five passages, each followed by six questions. Read the passages carefully and then asnwer all the questions by choosing the correct options marked A, B, C, and D. Answer one question correctly, and you will get one point. 　　  　　Passage 1 　　We know that Poe fought a continuous battle against the demon of plagiarism and the twisted perversion of influence. He even declared war on his fellow-writer Longfellow, accusing him of plagiarism of which he was himself not entirely innocent Passion and influence have their dark sides not only manifest in literary plagiarism — which we note in Baudelaire’s translations of Poe — but also in what may be deemed a confusion of identity or quest for an alter ego. Translating Poe became for Baudelaire a real search for the definition of his own personality and even his understanding of gender. Baudelaire’s text is a mixed entity, a complex unity like most of Poe’s characters, a unity composed of scattered elements. The ” Flowers of Evil,” are filled with Poe’s own experience of despair and doubt about the world and about human beings, blended with Baudelaire’s spleen and bouts of ideal. Both writers were divided into forces of Good and Evil, love and hate, masculine and feminine, they were like two images reflected in the mirrors of their creations so perfectly inverted that the reader does not know who inspired whom. Alter egos of each other, these two monsters of selfishness and misanthropy would probably have hated each other if they had had the opportunity to meet Looking at oneself in a mirror can be very upsetting as the hero of William Wilson discovers in the fast lines of this eponymous tale. Baudelaire chose to exalt Poe’s character as Griswold presented it because he had many features in common with this portrait. Baudelaire identified with Poe in a very self-centered egotistical way. Both had a strain of masochism and a taste for self-destruction certainly provoked by parental rejection. Baudelaire’s most palpable self-destructive action was the translation of Poe’s works. From this peculiar and unique encounter of two geniuses was bom a new universal poet, we could name Poedelaire. Half European, half American, the writings of this desexualized creator are tinged with black humor, sensationalism, and sprinkled with a touch of French preciosity. 　　Questions: 　　41. The author implies that               　　A. Longfellow was guilty of plagiarism. 　　B. Longfellow was not guilty of plagiarism. 　　C. Poe was guilty of plagiarism. 　　D. Poe was not guilty of plagiarism. 　　42. What, according to the author, causes plagiarism? 　　A. Passion and influence.    B. Search and quest. 　　C. identity and ego          D. Translation 　　43. The author’s purpose of mentioning Baudelaire’s translations of Poe is            　　A. to show how the two writers hate each other. 　　B. to show bow the two writers love each other. 　　C. to prove that plagiarism is pardonable. 　　D. to prove that influence may result in a search for an alter ego. 　　44. It can be inferred that Poe’s writing                   　　A. favors the theme of evil.     B. tends to describe flowers. 　　C. reveals a vague personality. D. contains the image of mirror. 　　45. Why does the author think that Baudelaire’s translation of Poe’s works was a self-destructive action? 　　A. Because it made Baudelaire even sadder. 　　B. Because he allowed Poe to invade his own identity. 　　C. Because it incurred his parents’ contempt 　　D. Because it ruined his reputation as a good translator. 　　46. Which of the following words can best describe Poedelaire? 　　A. romantic      B. sentimental C. pessimistic       D. revolutionary 　　  　　Passage 2 　　Baudelaire first purchased Poe’s works in London in 1851. This was his first encounter with American, and he immediately fell in love with the tone, style and content of these texts. He never wrote anything about the theoretical concepts of literary influence and plagiarism whereas Poe had spent a lot of energy attempting to prove his originality. Baudelaire, inversely, although acknowledging that he felt an intimacy with Poe, always refused to admit that he recreated this intimacy in the works he wrote after his translations of Poe, that is to say, after 1856. He was obviously deeply influenced by Poe’s essay Eureka presenting the human coalition as a simultaneous movement of attraction and repulsion. This phenomenon of unconscious reappropriation is another clear manifestation of Harald Bloom’s Anxiety of Influence. Instead of fighting against the influence of the first writer, the second writer, moved by passion, prefers to vampirize him, to suck out his creative substance like the painter absorbs his bride’s life in Poe’s The Oval Portrait. This absorption that Bloom calls a tessera, both completes and betrays at the same time. Like physical possession, it satisfies temporarily the one who possesses, while stealing some independence from the one who is possessed. This symbolic betrayal linked to the linguistic possession of Poe by Baudelaire is quite relevant when one observes the mistakes made by the French poet in his translations. Baudelaire loved the English language and used it in an instinctive way, whereas translation requires technicity and precision, a full understanding of both the source and target language which he certainly lacked. In a letter written to Maria Clemm, Poe’s mother-in-law, and published in France in 1854 in the newspaper Le Pays, as a preface to one of his first translations, “Souvenirs de M. Auguste Bedloe,” we can read the following lines: “Adieu, madame; parmi les differents saluts et les formules de complimentation qui ne peuvent conchire une missive dune arne a une ame, je n’en connais quune aux sentiments que m’inspire votre personne: goodness, godness”. It is not my purpose to translate the whole letter but we will concentrate on the two concluding words “goodness, godness” that Baudelaire adds in English at the end of his friendly message. His desire to play upon words and to show his mastery of the English language results in a Poor lexical association that Mrs Clemm must have had some problems in understanding! Goodness is an exclamation, quite inappropriate in such a context and godliness is a neologism, probably used here instead of godliness which would not have been correct either. 　　  　　Question: 　　47. The author seems to imply that Baudelaire______________________  　　A. had no idea of literary influence. 　　B.  never thought of literary influence. 　　C. never admitted that he was influenced by Poe. 　　D. never appreciated the writings by Poe. 　　48. The word “intimacy” in line 5 probably means______________________ 　　A. friendliness.                      B. sympathy. 　　C. love.                                  D. privacy. 　　49.   ” Anxiety of influence ” means the______________________________ 　　A. the second writer is influenced by the first writer, but he does not acknowledge it. 　　B. the second writer does not want to be influenced, but he has to. 　　C. the second writer purposely imitates me first writer, then he feels guilty of it 　　D. the second writer is not influenced by the first writer, but is accused of it. 　　50. The nationality of Baudelaire is_____________ __________________________ 　　A. English           B. French            C. American              D. German 　　51. This passage mainly discusses_______________________ 　　A. translation.                              B. misunderstanding. 　　C. plagiarism.                              D. influence. 　　52. According to Poe, attraction and repulsion are______________ . 　　A. simultaneous                            B. unconscious 　　C. contradictory                            D. both A and C 　　Passage 3 　　As a literary critic, surely my best source of information on “globalization” is literature and I hardly need to say that this subject is thematic in a great many works of contemporary Latin American fiction. In fact, Latin American literature includes a long tradition of cultural theorizing that addresses the nature and effects of cultural contact, and thus the processes of globalization avant la lettre. Since the first decades of the twentieth century, indigenista movements considered cultural (and racial) difference and contested the cultural homogeneity imposed by European and U.S- colonialism; indigenismo valorized indigenous traditions and practices, and reconstituted the question of cultural inclusiveness. The movement was led by the Peruvian intellectuals Jose Carlos Maridtegui and Jose Maria Arguedas, with related discussions of transculturation and national identity by Ezequiet Martinez Estrada in Argentina, Gilberto Freyrc in Brazil, and Fernando Ortiz in Cuba. Jose Vasconcelos, more than his contemporaries, celebrated the process of cultural contact: racial mestizaje had its apotheosis in the 1920s Vasconcelos’s nationalistic concept of la raza casmica (“the cosmic race”) Alejo Carpentier dramatizes this discussion: from his first novel in 1933 he recommends not that cultures struggle against colonialism to remain discrete in their differences, but, rather, that that they recognize cultural otherness and embrace it. His formulation of the neobarroco or New World Baroque provides an overarching structure to incorporate European, African, and indigenous cultures into a shared Latin American identity. In his 1975 essay “Lo barroco y lo real maravilloso* (The Baroque and me Marvelous Real”), Carpentier asks: “And why is Latin America the chosen territory of the baroque? Because all symbiosis, all mestizaje, engenders the baroque. The American baroque develops along with — the awareness of being Other, of being new, of being symbiotic, of being criollo; and the criollo spirit is itself a baroque spirit”. Carpentier, and following him the Cuban writers Jose Lezama Lima and Severo Sarduy, understood the irony of engaging the Baroque forms of the Spanish colonizers to construct a post-colonial identity and they turned effectively the neobarroco, or New World Baroque, into an instrument of contraconquista (counterconquest). The Neobaroque is an aesthetics and ideology of inclusion by which Latin American and Latino artists have defined themselves against colonizing structures, and continue to do so. 　　Questions: 　　53. The word “addresses” in line 4 probably means     . 　　A. includes           B. concerns    C. relates         D. talks 　　54. Indigenista movements most probably voiced the feelings of 　　A. the colonizing      B. the colonized 　　C. the European           D. the American 　　55. According to the author, minor nations and races   　　A. welcome globaliztion          B. fear globaliztion 　　C. resent cultural contact          D. needs cultural contact 　　56. The term “cultural otherness” probably means       　　A. difference in cultural identity      B. cultural separation 　　C. hostility among nations               D. cultural misunderstandings 　　57. “The cosmic race” probably refers to     . 　　A. the incorporation of races   B. the communication among races 　　C. marriage among races            D. creation of a new race 　　58. “Baroque spirit” means the willingness to_____________. 　　A. recognize and embrace differences     B. study foreign cultures with caution 　　C.                               D. protect local integrity 　　Passage 4 　　Having said all of this, I should, perhaps, locate myself. I teach and write about a loose and baggy territory called las Americas, the Americas, and most often about the part of that category referred to as Latin America. This latter space includes nations, of course, but the demarcation is far more flexible because of its plural referent. The writers who inhabit this territory possess dual citizenship, for they are self-avowed “Latin American” writers at the same time that they are also Mexican, Argentine, Peruvian, or Cuban. In fact, they arc often engaged deeply in describing their own national cultures and are far from ready to throw out the baby with the globalizing bathwater. Mexico is a particularly interesting case of the use of nation as a defense against the leveling pressures of globalization — a nationalism of resistance, in Wallerstein’s terms, rather than a nationalism of domination. For example, the much debated NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement —or the TLC, Tratado de Libre Comercio —opened Mexico’s borders to American commercial onslaughts in the early 1990s, but in cultural matters, the treaty encodes a very different attitude. The Free Trade Agreement contains an Annex that provides special protection to Mexico’s cultural industries. Some of its provisions are as follows: 1) The use of the Spanish language is required for the broadcast, cable or multipoint distribution system of radio and television, except when the Secretaria de Gobemacion authorizes the use of another language; 2) A majority of the time of each day’s live broadcast programs must feature Mexican nationals; 3) The use of die Spanish language or Spanish subtitles is required for advertising that is broadcast or otherwise distributed in the territory of Mexico; and 4) Thirty percent of screen time of every theatre, assessed on an annual basis, may be reserved for films produced by Mexican persons either within or outside the territory of Mexico. I should also like to mention that it was Canada that insisted on cultural industry protection clauses in the North American Free Trade Agreement originally and the Canadian government achieved partial success, at best. In comparison, protections of cultural industries are common throughout the European Union: France passed recently legislation requiring that  French radio stations devote forty percent of airtime to French music, and Spain also passed a law requiring that one-fourth to one-third of all movies shown in Spanish theaters to be of Spanish origin, England has long protected its movie industry: the great film director Michael Powell got his start, as did other British directors during the 1930s, making what were called quota quickies. So, even as I suggest that comparatists may want to review our nationalist institutional and disciplinary structures in the light of global mobilities, nations continue to protect their cultures against those same forces. 　　Questions: 　　59. The phrase “plural referent” in line 4 refers to . 　　A. the nations   B. the writers  C. the Americas      D. the cultures 　　60. The phrase ” throwing out the baby with the bathwater” probably means    . 　　A. embracing the globalizing force 　　B. discarding whatever is contaminated by globalization 　　C. taking advantage of globalization to foster national cultures 　　D. no discrimination should be made between national and international cultures 　　61. It can be inferred from the passage mat Mexico is a country that . 　　A. rejects foreign cultures         B. is afraid of foreign culture 　　C. protects national culture        D. protects national commerce 　　62. Cultural industries include       . 　　A. radio and televison       B. newspapers and magazines 　　C. movies and music             D. all of them 　　63. The provisions contained in the Annex to the Free Trade Agreement seem to focus on 　　A. language         B. territory         C. culture      D. citizenship 　　64. Which of me following statements is not true? 　　A. Latin American countries protect their national industries. 　　B. North American countries protect their national industries. 　　C. European countries protect their national industries. 　　D. Western superpowers are not afraid of being globalized. 　　  　　Passage 5 　　Once the presence of these characteristics has been recognized, most discussions of globalization move directly to comparative cultural -questions. Anthropologists, economists, ecologists, and political scientists all become cultural comparatists, weighing cultural differences against what is generally considered to be the inevitable function of globalization: the leveling of cultural difference. This comparative quotient runs inexorably, it seems, through discussions of globalization, and it should interest us as a profession, since our own most basic disciplinary methods are, of course, designed to recognize and interpret difference. I dunk of my own work in comparative American cultures, for example, as moving along spectrum between assumptions of basic cultural difference on the one hand and literary examples of shared attitudes and expressive structures on the other. I took for common contexts in order to ground my comparisons, but it is the differences that will matter most to my analysis. So, a mirror image begins to emerge, whereas the literary comparatist may be said to value significant differences and to study literature for what we may learn from those differences, me processes of globalization would seem to work in ways that are something like the reverse —toward a leveling of significant difference in favor of insignificant sameness. But this comparison, too, will need to be complicated, for homogeneity and heterogeneity are not necessarily antithetical, and in ‘fact may operate in dialectical relationship. Consider, for example, my third characteristic of globalization—unprecedented levels of immigration —a circumstance mat suggests the following paradox: the processes of globalization may homogenize tastes and habits by means of new information technologies and global markets, but at the same time they may also generate configurations of striking difference, as immigrants occupy new cultural and linguistic spaces. Nowhere is this more true than in the U. S., where we are experiencing the greatest migratory influx of our history. Certain regions of the country are more illustrative of this than others, of course, but let me say simply that my classes at the University of Houston are far more diverse culturally, linguistically, and ethnically than they were ten years ago —a comparative cultural opportunity that I feel, frankly, I have not yet fully engaged in my own teaching and that our curricular and departmental structures have not yet fully responded to, either. 　　Questions: 　　65. The author implies that the inevitable function of globalization is   . 　　A. maintenance of differences B. reduction of differences 　　C. promotion of cooperation    D. exaltation of competition 　　66. According to the passage, the main objective of comparison is to . 　　A. identify common features   B. encourage competition 　　C. recognize differences      D. both A and C 　　67. The profession of the author of this passage is most likely that of a     . 　　A. comparatist    B. anthropologist 　　C. ecologist        D. political scientist 　　68. The word “paradox” in line 19 probably means      . 　　A. contradiction           B. identification 　　C. supplementation   D. seemingly contradictory 　　69. Immigration brings__ ­­to the destination country. 　　A. wealth      B. diversity       C. disorder     D. disagreement 　　70. What relates globalization to cultural comparison is the fact that   _. 　　A. globalization generates more discussions 　　B. globalization arouses more disputes over cultural matters 　　C. globalization both homogenize and heterogenize 　　D. the author is equally interested in both 　　Part IV (30′) 　　Division A: In this part, you are required to complete 20 sentences. Each sentence wants one word only. You must choose the needed word from the provisions below. You do not need to change the form of the chosen word. But the word you choose must fit into the sentence in both meaning and grammar. For each correct completion, you will get one point. (20%) 　　existentialism       realms       particular        structure      prophecies      primacy 　　discredit       tinged       mediation     poetry        demeaned     forms       value 　　diachronic    antithesis     quantitative      methodology     that    obtaining     temporal 　　71. The formalists argued at the beginning for a strict separation of form and content and made repeated efforts to ____ the latter as a proper object of literary study by 　　concentrating exclusively on the former. 　　72. It’s not so much      ______ they love the possibility of doing or not doing something as it is the possibility of speaking with words, agreed on among themselves, about various topics. 　　73. The so-called formal method grew out of a struggle for a science of literature that would be both independent and factual; it is not the outgrowth of a particular _______    . 　　74. What I am interested in doing now is suggesting how the general liberal consensus that “true” knowledge is fundamentally non-political obscures the highly if obscurely organized political circumstances   _______when knowledge is produced. 　　75. My point here is that “Russia” as a general subject matter has political priority over nicer distinctions such as “economics” and “literary history,” because political society in Gramsci’s sense reaches into such _______of civil society as the academy and saturates them with significance of direct concern to it. 　　76. To say this may seem quite different from saying that all academic knowledge about India and Egypt is somehow _______ and impressed with, violated by, the gross political fact — and yet that is what I am saying in this study of Orientalism. 　　77. But there is no getting away from the fact that literary studies in general, and American Marxist theorists in _____, have avoided the effort of seriously bridging the gap between the superstructure] and base levels in textual, historical scholarship. 　　78. In the second place, to believe that politics in the form of imperialism bears upon The production of literature, scholarship, social theory, and history writing is by no means equivalent to saying that culture is therefore a______ or denigrated thing. 　　79. So it is mat the life of Christ, the text of the New Testament, which comes as the fulfillment of the hidden      _____ and annunciatory signs of the Old, constitutes a second, properly allegorical level, in terms of which the latter may be rewritten. 　　80. Stalin’s “expressive causality” can be detected, to take one example, in the productionist ideology of Soviet Marxism, as an insistence on the _______ of the forces of production. 　　81. _______ is the classical dialectical term for the establishment of relationships between, say, the formal analysis of a work of art and its social ground, or between the internal dynamics of the political state and its economic base. 　　82. The archetypal critic studies the poem as part of poetry, and       as part of the total human imitation of nature that we call civilization. 　　83. When we pass into anagogy, nature becomes, not the container, but the thing contained, and the archetypal universal symbols, the city, the garden, the quest, the marriage, are no longer the drsirabte______ that man constructs inside nature, but are themselves the forms of nature. 　　84. We have suggested that it is only in the first narrowly political horizon — in which history is reduced to a series of punctual events and crises in time, to the  ______ agitation of the year-to-year, the chroniclelike annals of the rise and fall of political regimes and social fashions, and tile passionate immediacy of struggles between historical individuals — that the “text” or object of study will tend to coincide with the individual literary work or cultural artifact. 　　85. It would be tempting, but not quite accurate, to see in them two mutually exclusive modes of thought, to hold them up as the______ between the analytical and the dialectical understanding. 　　86. Saussure’s position has many affinities with that of Husseri, for like Husserl he was not content simply to point out the existence of another equally valuable mode of humanistic and qualitative thought alongside the scientific and______       , but tried to codify the structure of such thought in a methodological way, thus making all kinds of new and concrete investigations possible. 　　87. In personal or psychological terms, this methodological perception is reflected in _______, whose leitmotive — the priority of existence over essence — is indeed simply another way of saying the same thing, and of showing how lived reality alters in function of the “choice” we make of it or the essences through which we interpret it: in other words, in function of the “model” through which we see and live the world. 　　88. His solution to this dilemma is ingenious: one may call it situational, or even phenomenological, in that it takes into account the concrete    _______of speech as a “circuit of discourse,” as a relationship between two speakers. 　　89. The movement of Saussure’s thought may perhaps be articulated as follows: language is not an object, not a substance, but rather a _______ : thus language is a perception of identity. 　　90. The syntagmatic dimension, in other words, looks like a primary phenomenon only when we examine its individual units separately; then they seem to be organized successively in time according to some mode of_______ perception. 　　  　　Division B: The fallowing is an incomplete passage. Fill each blank with one word only. You can choose any word from your vocabulary so long as it completes the sentence both in grammar and in meaning. For each correct completion, you will get one point (10%) 　　Perhaps it was the middle of January in the present that I first looked up and saw the mark on the wail. In order to fix a date it was necessary to remember what one 91 . So now I think of the fire; the steady 92 of yellow light upon the page of my book; the three chrysanthernums 93 the round glass bowl on the mantelpiece. Yes, it 94 have been the winter time, and we had just finished our tea, 95 I remember that I was smoking a cigarette when I looked up and saw the mark on the wall for the first time. I looked up 96 the smoke of my cigarette and my eye lodged for a 97 upon the burning coals, and that old fancy of the crimson flag _98 from me castle tower came into my mind, and I thought of the cavalcade of red knights riding up the side of the black rock. Rather to my 99 the sight of the mark interrupted the fancy, for it is an old fancy, an automatic fancy, made as a child perhaps. The mark was a small round mark, black upon the white wall, about six or seven inches 100 the mantelpiece. 　　  　　Part V   (50’) 　　Division A:   Translate the following passage from English into Chinese (25%) 　　Institutions which immigrants had developed in their Old World homelands proved providentially suited to their different needs in America. And there were no better exemplars of this than the Irish. For this new nation was rich in formal governmental organizations: constitutions, legislatures, and courts galore. The long experience of Americans in self-government was of course one of the causes of the War for Independence. And American Independence, conspicuously unlike Irish Independence, had come after only a decade or two of agitation and extralegal organization. Success in the American Revolution meant that me people now controlled their governments. Constitution making men became a national pastime, while political parties debated the proper emphasis of government under the new constitutions. 　　How different had been the Irish experienced! While American political life tool the forms of self-government, Irish political life took the forms of endless rebellion which never climaxed in revolution. While Americans were preoccupied with social compacts, rights of representation, forms of legislation, and the balance and limits of power, the Irish had been preoccupied with organized sabotage and the frustration of unjust laws. The American experience had been legalistic and formal; the Irish had been informal, extralegal, or even antilegal. But the Irish experience would not be wasted in America. 　　Division B:   Translate the following passage from Chinese into English (25%) 　　  　　自从我画的马从案头走向社会，有人说他像徐悲鸿之马，有人说他像刘勃舒之马。应当说，我从这些大家的作品中学到了不少超乎具体笔墨的东西，但我知道我画的马谁也不像，他们只属于我，因为大师们早已定下了“学我者生，向我者死”的画界法律。世界虽大，但艺术行业步人后尘亦步亦趋者必无立锥之地。行不更名坐不改姓，哪怕再不济我仍然是我。这不是偏执，而是艺术上的求生之法。行家们尽可以指出我的作品中的一千个缺陷、一万种毛病，但无论从构图立意造境到笔墨形象，他们都只属于我自己。 　　艺无止境，人贵自知。随着眼界的开阔，我愈来愈感到自己画的马在力度、刚性、神韵上的不足。他还只是凡马，在地上驰骤的凡马，因为他还过于写实——它对那大象无形、天人合一、物我皆备的神骏还只能望其项背。它还亟待自我完善和升华。但愿下毕生马如破竹，一洗万古凡马空——只是我可能永远达不到但却永远追求的境界。（This is the end of the test.）