biped怎么读_biped是什么意思

If you ask evolutionary biologists when did humans become humans, some of them will say that, well, at some point we started standing on our feet, became biped and became the masters of our environment. Others will say that because our brain started growing much bigger, that we were able to have much more complex cognitive processes.

如果你问生物进化学家们，人类是在什么时候变成人的，有些人会说，在我们开始能够站立，变成两足生物，成为环境的主导者。其他人会说，因为我们的大脑开始逐渐越长越大，因此我们拥有更加复杂的认知过程。

And others might argue that it’s because we developed language that allowed us to evolve as a species. Interestingly, those three phenomena are all connected. We are not sure how or in which order, but they are all linked with the change of shape of a little bone in the back of your neck that changed the angle between our head and our body.

有些人可能会说那是因为我们发展了语言，使得我们可以作为一种物种进化。有趣的是，那三种情况都是有关联的。我们不清楚是怎么样的顺序，但是它们都是和你后颈的那一块，因其形状变化而导致你的头部和身体的角度变化的。小骨头联系在一起的。

That means we were able to stand upright but also for our brain to evolve in the back and for our voice box to grow from seven centimeters for primates to 11 and up to 17 centimetres for humans.

这样才使我们能够直立，同样也使得我们的后脑进化，我们的喉头从灵长类的七厘米长成到人类的十一到十七厘米。

And this is called the descent of the larynx. And the larynx is the site of your voice. When baby humans are born today, their larynx is not descended yet. That only happens at about three months old. So, metaphorically, each of us here has relived the evolution of our whole species.

这就是喉头的由来。喉头就是你发声的地方。当婴儿出生的时候，他们还没有喉头，在三个月大的时候才长出喉头。打个比方，在座的每个人都重新体验了一遍人类的进化

And talking about babies, when you were starting to develop in your mother’s womb, the first sensation that you had coming from the outside world, at only three weeks old, when you were about the size of a shrimp, were through the tactile sensation coming from the vibrations of your mother’s voice.

说到婴儿，当你在母亲的子宫里开始成长，你对外界产生的第一个感知，在你只有几周大，还只有一只虾那么大的时候，是通过来自于你母亲声音震动所产生的触觉。

So, as we can see, the human voice is quite meaningful and important at the level of the species, at the level of the society — this is how we communicate and create bonds, and at the personal and interpersonal levels — with our voice, we share much more than words and data, we share basically who we are. And our voice is indistinguishable from how other people see us.

因此我们可以看到人类的声音在物种层面是很有意义也是很重要的，在社会层面也是如此——这是我们交流和建立连接的方式，在个人和人与人之间的层面——有了声音，我们分享的不仅仅是字和数据，我们展示的是自己。我们的声音和我们给别人的印象是紧密联系在一起的。

It is a mask that we wear in society. But our relationship with our own voice is far from obvious. We rarely use our voice for ourselves; we use it as a gift to give to others. It is how we touch each other. It’s a dialectical grooming.

这是我们在社会上戴的一个面具。但是我们和自己声音的关系并不是显而易见的。我们很少把声音用在自己身上；我们把声音当作一个给别人的礼物。这就是我们接触对方的方式。这是一种辩证的梳理。

But what do we think about our own voice? So please raise your hand if you don’t like the sound of your voice when you hear it on a recording machine.

但是我们是怎么看待自己的声音的呢？如果你不喜欢录音带里自己的声音，请举手。

Yeah, thank you, indeed, most people report not liking the sound of their voice recording. So what does that mean? Let’s try to understand that in the next 10 minutes. I’m a researcher at the MIT Media Lab, part of the Opera of the Future group, and my research focuses on the relationship people have with their own voice and with the voices of others.

谢谢，的确，很多人反应说不喜欢他们声音的录音。那这意味着什么呢？让我们在接下来的十分钟内去尝试着去搞懂这个问题。我是MIT媒体实验室的一名研究人员，也是“未来歌剧”组的一员，我们的研究专注在人们和自己的声音，以及他人声音的关系上。

I study what we can learn from listening to voices, from the various fields, from neurology to biology, cognitive sciences, linguistics. In our group we create tools and experiences to help people gain a better applied understanding of their voice in order to reduce the biases, to become better listeners, to create more healthy relationships or just to understand themselves better.

我的研究是关于我们可以在不同的领域从聆听中学到什么，从神经学到生物学，认知科学，语言学。在研究组中，我们创造工具和体验来帮助人们对自己的声音产生更好的理解，从而来减少偏见，变成更好的聆听者，建立更健康的人际关系，又或者只是能够更好的了解自己。

And this really has to come with a holistic approach on the voice. Because, think about all the applications and implications that the voice may have, as we discover more about it. Your voice is a very complex phenomenon. It requires a synchronization of more than 100 muscles in your body. And by listening to the voice, we can understand possible failures of what happens inside.

这就要涉及到对声音的整体研究在我们更进一步的探究这个话题的时候，想一下声音可能含有的所有的应用和含义吧。你的声音是一个非常复杂的现象。它需要你身体里超过一百块肌肉的同步运动通过聆听自己的声音，我们可以判断身体可能出了什么毛病。

For example: listening to very specific types of turbulences and nonlinearity of the voice can help predict very early stages of Parkinson’s, just through a phone call. Listening to the breathlessness of the voice can help detect heart disease. And we also know that the changes of tempo inside individual words is a very good marker of depression.

比如说：通过一些很特别的不稳定气流和非线性的声音，可以帮助预测早期的帕金森病，仅仅通过打电话就可以做到。监听呼吸声可以帮助诊断心脏病。我们也知道，说话时改变每一个字的节拍是抑郁症一个明显的信号。

Your voice is also very linked with your hormone levels. Third parties listening to female voices were able to very accurately place the speaker on their menstrual cycle. Just with acoustic information. And now with technology listening to us all the time, Alexa from Amazon Echo might be able to predict if you’re pregnant even before you know it. So think about —

你的声音也和体内的激素水平有关。第三方听女性的声音可以很准确的判断出说话者是否处于经期。仅仅是根据声音的信息。现在有了能够一直听我们说话的技术，亚马逊Echo的Alexa 也许都可以在你之前预测出你有没有怀孕。所以，想象一下——

Think about the ethical implications of that. Your voice is also very linked to how you create relationships. You have a different voice for every person you talk to. If I take a little snippet of your voice and I analyze it, I can know whether you’re talking to your mother, to your brother, your friend or your boss.

想象一下它在伦理道德上的运用。你的声音也和你怎样创建人际关系是有关的。对每一个和你交谈的人，你都会展现出不同的声音。如果我截取一小段你的声音然后进行剖析，我可以知道你是在和你妈妈，哥哥，朋友，还是你的老板说话。

We can also use, as a predictor, the vocal posture. Meaning, how you decide to place your voice when you talk to someone. And you vocal posture, when you talk to your spouse, can help predict not only if, but also when you will divorce.

我们还可以用你的声音表现来当作预测器。也就是当你和一个人交谈的时候，会用什么样的声音。当你和另一半说话的时候，你声音的表现还可以预测你是否，以及什么时候会离婚。

So there is a lot to learn from listening to voices. And I believe this has to start with understanding that we have more than one voice. So, I’m going to talk about three voices that most of us posses, in a model of what I call the mask. So when you look at the mask, what you see is a projection of a character. Let’s call that your outward voice.

所以通过听声音，我们可以获得很多信息。我相信，我们首先得知道我们不仅仅是只有一种声音。所以，我接下来要说说三种大多数人都有的声音，以一种我称之为面具模型的方式。当你看着这个面具，你看到的是一个人物的投影。让我们称之为外在的声音。

This is also the most classic way to think about the voice, it’s a way of projecting yourself in the world. The mechanism for this projection is well understood. Your lungs contract your diaphragm and that creates a self-sustained vibration of your vocal fold, that creates a sound. And then the way you open and close the cavities in you mouth, your vocal tract is going to transform the sound.

这也是最常见的看待声音的方式，这是反映你自己的一种方式。这种反映方式的原理也是很好理解的。你的肺会压缩你的膈从而让声带产生自供的震动，来发出声音。你在打开和关闭口腔的时候，声道就会传递声音。

So everyone has the same mechanism. But voices are quite unique. It’s because very subtle differences in size, physiology, in hormone levels are going to make very subtle differences in your outward voice. And your brain is very good at picking up those subtle differences from other people’s outward voices. In our lab, we are working on teaching machines to understand those subtle differences.

所以每个人的发声原理都是一样的。但是声音是独一无二的。这是因为在尺寸，生理和激素方面的微小差异会使你外在的声音产生细微的不同。你的大脑能够很好的察觉到那些来自于他人声音中的微小差异。在实验室，我们研究教学机器来了解那些微小的差异。

And we use deep learning to create a real-time speaker identification system to help raise awareness on the use of the shared vocal space — so who talks and who never talks during meetings — to increase group intelligence.

我们用深度学习技术创建了一个实时的声音辨别系统来帮助提升使用共享声音空间的意识——谁在会议中发言，或者从来不说话——来提升团队效率。

And one of the difficulties with that is that your voice is also not static. We already said that it changes with every person you talk to but it also changes generally throughout your life. At the beginning and at the end of the journey, male and female voices are very similar. It’s very hard to distinguish the voice of a very young girl from the voice of a very young boy.

其中一个困难就是，你的声音不总是一成不变的。就如之前提到的，你的声音会因交谈对象而异，但通常在人的一生中也会逐渐改变。在生命的开始和末尾阶段，男性和女性的声音是非常相似的。很难去辨别小女孩和小男孩的声音。

But in between, your voice becomes a marker of your fluid identity. Generally, for male voices there’s a big change at puberty. And then for female voices, there is a change at each pregnancy and a big change at menopause. So all of that is the voice other people hear when you talk. So why is it that we’re so unfamiliar with it? Why is it that it’s not the voice that we hear? So, let’s think about it.

但是在这期间，你的声音成为了你流动身份的标记。通常来说，男性的声音会在青春期有很大的改变。对女性来说，每一次的孕期声音都会有所改变，并且在更年期变化更大。这都是你说话时别人所听到的声音。那为什么我们自己对于这些声音却那么陌生呢？为什么这些不是我们自己所听到的声音？我们来想想看。

When you wear a mask, you actually don’t see the mask. And when you try to observe it, what you will see is inside of the mask. And that’s your inward voice. So to understand why it’s different, let’s try to understand the mechanism of perception of this inward voice. Because your body has many ways of filtering it differently from the outward voice. So to perceive this voice, it first has to travel to your ears.

当你戴着面具的时候，你实际上是看不到面具（的正面）的。当你尝试去观察这个面具的时候，你看到的是面具的内部。这就是你内在的声音。要去搞清这种差异产生的原因，让我们试着去理解一下内在声音感知的原理。你的身体有很多不同的方式把它从外在的声音中筛选出来。为了察觉到这个声音，它最开始传播到你的耳朵。

And your outward voice travels through the air while your inward voice travels through your bones. This is called bone conduction. Because of this, your inward voice is going to sound in a lower register and also more musically harmonical than your outward voice. Once it travels there, it has to access your inner ear. And there’s this other mechanism taking place here. It’s a mechanical filter, it’s a little partition that comes and protects your inner ear each time you produce a sound. So it also reduces what you hear.

你的外在声音在空气中传播，同时你内在声音在你的骨头中传播。这就是骨传导。如此一来，你的内在声音的音域会更低。也会比外在的声音听起来更和谐。当它传播到那里，必须进入到你的内耳。这就涉及到另一个原理。这是一种机械过滤，是在你每一次发声的时候能够保护你内耳的一种分隔器。所以你听到的内容也会有所减少。

And then there is a third filter, it’s a biological filter. Your cochlea — it’s a part of your inner ear that processes the sound — is made out of living cells. And those living cells are going to trigger differently according to how often they hear the sound. It’s a habituation effect. So because of this, as your voice is the sound you hear the most in your life, you actually hear it less than other sounds.

还有第三种过滤，是一种生物过滤。你的耳蜗——用来处理声音的内耳的一部分——是由活细胞组成的。那些活细胞会根据它们是否频繁地听到某种声音而被不同程度地激发。这是一种习惯效应。因此，你自己的声音虽然是你一生中最常听到的声音，实际上却比其他声音更少的被你的听觉接收。

Finally, we have a fourth filter. It’s a neurological filter. Neurologists found out recently that when you open your mouth to create a sound, your own auditory cortex shuts down. So you hear your voice but your brain actually never listens to the sound of your voice. Well, evolutionarily that might make sense, because we know cognitively what we are going to sound like so maybe we don’t need to spend energy analyzing the signal.

最后是第四种过滤。这是一种神经过滤。神经学家近期发现当你张开嘴发声的时候，你的听觉皮层会关闭。因此你听到了自己的声音，但是你的大脑并没有去听你的声音。按进化论来说，这也说得通，因为我们下意识的知道我们的声音听起来是怎样的，因此我们不需要耗费能量去分析这个信号。

And this is called a corollary discharge and it happens for every motion that your body does. The exact definition of a corollary discharge is a copy of a motor command that is sent by the brain. This copy doesn’t create any motion itself but instead is sent to other regions of the brain to inform them of the impending motion. And for the voice, this corollary discharge also has a different name. It is your inner voice.

这个过程被称作就“伴随发送”，会发生在你身体的每一个动作上。伴随发送的精确定义是一个大脑发出的指令的复印件。这个复印件自身不产生任何动作，而是被送去大脑的另一个地方通知即将到来的动作。对于声音来说，这个伴随发送也有另一个名字。就是你内心的声音。

So let’s recapitulate. We have the mask, the outward voice, the inside of the mask, your inward voice, and then you have your inner voice. And I like to see this one as the puppeteer that holds the strings of the whole system. Your inner voice is the one you hear when you read a text silently, when you rehearse for an important conversation.

让我们来概括一下。我们有面具，也就是外在声音，在面具的里面就是你内在的声音，然后就是你内心的声音。我想把这个看成是一个手握整个系统的绳子的演木偶戏的人。你内心的声音就是当你默读文字，或者复述一个很重要的对话时在脑海中听到的。

Sometimes is hard to turn it off, it’s really hard to look at the text written in your native language, without having this inner voice read it. It’s also the voice that refuse to stop singing the stupid song you have in your head.

有时候是很难关闭这个声音的，看到用你的母语写的文字的时候很难做到不去用你内心的声音来读它。这也正是拒绝停止在你脑海里唱那些很蠢的歌的声音。

And for some people it’s actually impossible to control it. And that’s the case of schizophrenic patients, who have auditory hallucinations. Who can’t distinguish at all between voices coming from inside and outside their head. So in our lab, we are also working on small devices to help those people make those distinctions and know if a voice is internal or external.

对于有些人来说，这实际上很难去控制。对精神分裂症患者来说就是这样，他们有幻听，不能够分辨内在发出的声音和外界的声音。在实验室，我们也同样在研究小型设备来帮助那些人分辨那些声音是内在的还是外界的。

You can also think about the inner voice as the voice that speaks in your dream. This inner voice can take many forms. And in your dreams, you actually unleash the potential of this inner voice. That’s another work we are doing in our lab: trying to access this inner voice in dreams.

你也可以把内心的声音想成是你梦中的声音。内心的声音可以是很多形式的。在你的梦中，你实际上是在解放那些潜在的内心的声音。这也是我们实验室中的另一项工作：尝试获得在梦中出现的内心的声音。

So even if you can’t always control it, the inner voice — you can always engage with it through dialogue, through inner dialogues. And you can even see this inner voice as the missing link between thought and actions.

因此，即使你不能总是控制内心的声音——你仍然可以参与其中，通过对话，内心的对话。你也可以把这个内心的声音看成是想法和行动之间遗失的连接。

So I hope I’ve left you with a better appreciation, a new appreciation of all of your voices and the role it plays inside and outside of you — as your voice is a very critical determinant of what makes you humans and of how you interact with the world.

那么，我希望我给你们留下了一个对你自己声音的更好的，崭新的认识，还有它在内部和外在的你当中扮演的角色——一个之所以成为人类，以及如何与世界互动的很重要的决定性因素。

Thank you.

谢谢。